Human resource management importance in organisations

Human asset the executives significance in associations Vital HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Presentation: HR the board procedure is significant for each association to work easily. Confronted with quick change associations need to build up an increasingly engaged and intelligent way to deal with overseeing individuals. In simply a similar way a business requires a promoting or data innovation system it additionally requires a human asset or individuals procedure. Vital human asset the board is a part of Human asset the executives. It is a genuinely new field, which has developed out of the parent order of human asset the executives. A significant part of the early or purported conventional HRM writing rewarded the idea of procedure cursorily, rather as a simply operational issue, the aftereffects of which course down all through the association. There was a sort of implied division of domain between individuals focused estimations of HR and harder business esteems where corporate systems truly had a place. HR specialists felt awkward in the war bureau like climate where corporate systems were defined. Key human asset the board is significant huge just as little organizations. In little organizations this procedure might be as straightforward as the chief or the proprietor himself setting aside some effort to watch workers, alongside helping, surveying and giving ordinary audits. Anyway bigger organizations will require an entire office to be responsible for such exercises for the improvement of workers. The nature of staff individuals can be improved by dispensing their requirements so that it might profit the organization. Putting resources into workers and giving them devices they have to flourish and succeed in the organization ends up being a wise interest over the long haul for the organization. So ahead in the writing audit we will glance in profound about the Strategic human asset the executives and the organization following SHRM in their day by day practice and how compelling it is for running their association adequately. http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human-Resource-Management?id=549585 http://www.accel-team.com/human_resources/hrm_08.html http://www.mba-tutorials.com/human-asset the board/487-shrm-key human-asset management.html Writing REVIEW: Key human asset the executives is an intricate procedure which is continually developing and being contemplated and talked about by scholastics and analysts. Its definition and associations with different parts of business arranging and system isn't outright and conclusion shifts between scholars. So there are numerous definations for key HR the board. A far reaching Human Resource Strategy assumes a crucial job in the accomplishment of an associations generally speaking key targets and noticeably shows that the HR work completely comprehends and underpins the heading wherein the association is moving. An extensive HR Strategy will likewise bolster other explicit vital goals embraced by the advertising, money related, operational and innovation offices. Key HRM can be viewed as a general way to deal with the vital administration of HR as per the expectations of the association on the future heading it needs to take. It is worried about longer-term individuals issues and large scale worries about structure, quality, culture, qualities, duty and coordinating assets to future need. It has been characterized as: Every one of those exercises influencing the conduct of people in their endeavors to detail and actualize the key needs of business.2 The example of arranged human asset organizations and exercises proposed to empower the structures to accomplish its objectives Vital HRM depends on HRM standards fusing the idea of system. So if HRM is a reasonable way to deal with the administration of individuals, key HRM now infers that that is done on an arranged way that incorporates hierarchical objectives with approaches and activity successions. A decent business procedure, one which is probably going to succeed, is educated by individuals factors. One of the driving components behind the assessment and revealing of human capital information is the requirement for better data to take care of into the business procedure definition process. In most of associations individuals are currently the greatest resource. The information, aptitudes and capacities must be conveyed and used to the greatest impact if the association is to make esteem. The immaterial estimation of an association which lies in the individuals it utilizes is picking up acknowledgment by bookkeepers and financial specialists, and it is commonly now acknowledged this has suggestions for long haul continued execution. http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/general/strathrm.htm Key Human Resource Management by(Randall S. Schuler and Susan E. Jackson) second version 2007 Blackwell distributing ltd. Defination of key human asset the board: SHRM has been characterized as ‘A unmistakable approcah to business the executives which tries to accomplish competetive preferred position through vital sending of profoundly dedicated and proficient work power utilizing a work power utilizing a variety of social, basic and faculty strategies. (storey,2001)pg4 Key Human Resource Management hypothesis and practice second version by,( graeme salaman, john story and jon charges berry)Sage distributer key HR inc. Home As per Wright McMahan, 1992, Strategic Human Resource Management alludes to: The example of arranged human asset exercises planned to empower an association to accomplish its objectives. Key human asset the board focuses on human resouce plans that have long haul objectives. It has various contrasts with the regular human asset the board strategies. It doesn't concentrate on issues identified with inside HR. The essential goal of vital human asset the board is to improve the productivity of the workers through worrying on business impediments that happen outer to HR. Targets for Strategic Human Resource/People Planning For the Organization: There are three objectives for this procedure: Objective 1: Build up the Strategic Human Resource/People Plan/Document and yearly needs. Objective 2: Guarantee effective execution and change. Objective 3: Assemble and continue superior in individuals the board over the long haul. Head Characteristics of Strategic Human Resource Management: Following are the important attributes of key human asset the board according to Gratton and Truss: There is some sort of an express relationship between the human asset practices and strategies and all the key objectives of the organization and the earth of the organization There is some co-appointment layout partner singular HR impedances so as to make them proportionally substantiating. Most of the duty regarding treatment of HR is assigned downwards http://finance.mapsofworld.com/key administration/human-resource.html Key human asset the executives (SHRM) is the intentional goals of human asset organization and approach issues in order to improve an open agencys viability. It requires seeing how faculty capacities interrelate in setting, acknowledgment of their significance, and responsibility by staff directors, representatives, administrators and political pioneers to cooperate for change (Klingner and Nalbandian, 1998, p. 386). A HR system will increase the value of the association on the off chance that it: Explains all the more unmistakably a portion of the basic topics which lie behind the accomplishment of different plans and systems, which have not been completely recognized previously; and Distinguishes key hidden issues which must be tended to by any association or business if its kin are to be inspired, dedicated and work successfully. The first of these territories will involve a cautious thought of existing or creating plans and systems to recognize and cause to notice basic topics and suggestions, which have not been made express beforehand. The subsequent region ought to be tied in with recognizing which of these plans and systems are central to such an extent that there must be clear intends to address them before the association can accomplish on any of its objectives. These are probably going to include: workforce arranging issues progression arranging workforce aptitudes plans work value plans dark financial strengthening activities inspiration and reasonable treatment issues pay levels intended to enlist, hold and propel individuals the co-appointment of ways to deal with pay and evaluating over the association to make arrangement and potential inconsistent compensation claims a reviewing and compensation framework which is viewed as reasonable and giving appropriate prize for commitments made more extensive business issues which sway on staff enlistment, maintenance, inspiration and so forth. a steady presentation the executives system which is intended to address the issues of all areas of the association including its kin profession advancement structures which take a gander at improvement inside the association at outfitting representatives with employability so they can adapt to progressively visit changes in business and work designs approaches and structures to guarantee that individuals improvement issues are tended to methodicallly : capability systems, self-guided learning and so forth. Moreover, the HR procedure can include esteem is by guaranteeing that, in the entirety of its different plans, the association assesses and gets ready for changes in the more extensive condition, which are probably going to majorly affect the association, for example, changes in the general work advertise segment or compensation levels Social changes which will affect on future work designs changes in the worker relations atmosphere changes in the legitimate structure encompassing business HR and business work on being created in different associations, for example, new adaptable work rehearses. The six wide interconnected parts of this syste

Climate Change Essay -- Environment Environmental

Environmental Change Presentation What is the seas job in atmosphere? The seas play an imperative and significant job in the appropriation of life continuing water all through our planet. 86% of the vanishing that happens on earth is over the seas. The seas are the planets biggest repository of water moving tremendous measures of water around the hydrological cycle. Actually the seas â€Å"dominate the hydrological cycle, for they contain 97% of the worldwide water inventory† . The hydrological cycle can be upset by changes in sea dissemination that assume such a significant job on vanishing and precipitation. At the point when the sea course framework transforms it can change how much warmth and precipitation is circulated far and wide. Changes on a worldwide scale can at last lead to flooding and long haul dry spell in different districts. The unavoidable issues are would we be able to screen the seas dissemination and watch for atmosphere changes? Would we be able to anticipate what may occur if the sea dis semination changed significantly? We have encountered significant atmosphere changes before; would we be able to search for proof of sea change during these periods? The Conveyor Belt The worldwide sea dissemination framework is known as the thermohaline course. Regularly called the ‘conveyor belt’ civility of Wallace Broecker who in an article for Natural History in 1987 had a craftsman draw a rearranged adaptation of the thermohaline flow and considered it the transport line. Wallace Broecker is the Newberry Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. He has educated at Columbia since 1959, and his examination advantages incorporate paleoclimatology, sea science, isotope dating and ecological science. He directs a lot of his exploration in Columbia University's Lamont Doherty Earth O... ...’s for past just as future. PC models are restricted mostly because of the constraints of current innovation and the way that there are such a large number of elements to break down. A few researchers accept we require a progressively nitty gritty investigation of the sub-lattice scale forms in the sea and others state we have to set up what might be compared to our MET office. Any reasonable person would agree that extensively more research and venture is required in the event that we are to become familiar with the fine parity of the air and the seas. Worldwide atmosphere changes have devastatingly affected social orders previously. Fast environmental change in Britain could granulate the foundation to an end and impact the economy radically. Environments, economies and social orders adjust better to steady change and our capacity to foresee what the outcomes are of an unnatural weather change or changes in the maritime flows is significant.

5 Employee Rights to Defend against Exploitation

5 Employee Rights to Defend against Exploitation Employee exploitation could be legal or illegal.Illegal employee exploitation happens when an employer oversteps the legal protections of their workers for their own benefit.Legal exploitation occurs mainly when the employee is demanded to perform tasks that are damaging to their wellbeing or is not compensated fairly, but those behaviors are not explicitly illegal.In both cases higher awareness of ones rights, needs and contributions can help protect them, their income and their career.Continue reading in order to learn how to defend yourself against harmful practices.WHY DO WE ALLOW EXPLOITATION TO HAPPEN?Obviously, exploitation is mainly the fault of the organization that exploits its workers for its own gains. But why do workers allow that?Your job is your main source of incomeThe no-brainer. You need money. Competition on the labor market is high and is getting higher. There is a lot to be said about stagnant wages, unfair income distribution on corporate level, a culture of dim inishing the achievements on low-level employees, etc.The point is, there is high pressure on employees to go out of their way to show results, to make sacrifice and to prove their value.When you have to pay your rent or your mortgage, you have to put food on the table, to provide a good life for your children, and in a dynamic labor market, where you know you are not irreplaceable, you will do pretty much anything to keep your job.Your job is your source of stabilityIt is not just financial stability.A lot of employees count on their employer for health insurance. If you or an immediate family member has a preexisting medical condition, you will be unwilling to explore your career options.Your credit history will be affected by how much you are earning, but your chances to receive credit from most financial institutions will also be influenced by how long you have held your job and how high your position is.Being too fast to bail on bad working conditions will affect your future ca reer. Hiring managers do screen your resume for the length of time you have spent working for a particular employer. It is a sign of your loyalty. Bailing could burn bridges for you.You job is the reason for being accepted in your communityIf you work as a teacher, a lawyer, a priest, a police officer, or a doctor, your job is not just a job. It is a place in your community you want to keep, no matter how much it costs you.You job is your main source of self esteemMost importantly, we are taught our career is our best way to contribute to society. Organized labor is what makes humanity tick. And you want to do your part well.It is very difficult to be objective when we evaluate our performance and we often adopt the false logic that if we do everything they ask of us, we are doing well.That is what makes us prone to exploitation.THE 5 WORST TYPES OF WORK EXPLOITATIONA lot of employees feel the pressures of their job may be overwhelming at times. This list is an attempt to display a good amount of the dangers of exploitation.There is a high chance that at different points in time you have felt degrees of the methods displayed below. It should be noted that those are, unfortunately, popular practices.Whether or not the scope of the offense is something that oversteps the line is up to you to decide.Overworking employeesThis is the most common way to exploit workers. And it is also the most complex. Overworking could be equally the fault of the employer and the employee.The employer is responsible to meet quotas, show results, meet budgets and keep the organization going. They work result-over-methods. They can establish or reinforce a culture of overworking where spending time after hours is expected, and not complying is frowned upon.The employee succumbs to the pressures: of the competitive labor market; of the need to earn money; of the need to do well at their job; of the need to contribute to the organization; of the need to be better, to be recognized and maybe even promoted.Statistics show that 85% of women and 88% of men overwork themselves regularly. The higher the employee position, the lower the percentage. That comes to illustrate lower level employees are more often the victim of exploitation.Let’s say the need of job satisfaction is the main drive behind it.Does it work?No.Only 33.2% of overworking women and only 40% of overworking men are satisfied with their job.How to defend yourself against overworking:Know your legal rights. Legal regulations vary between countries but most often you will be only required to work a certain amount of hours per day and or per week. Any time spent on work after that would be considered overtime. Only a certain amount of overtime is allowed, and the compensation for it is multiplied by an index. That index could vary based the amount of afterhours time you have spent, on your position in the company, and or on the precise day you worked â€" weekends and bank holidays could be more expensiv e. And in some very rare cases, overtime is completely forbidden. Talk to HR and or to a lawyer to confirm your research.Plan in advance. It happens very often that employees work after hours because they need to finish high priority tasks. Plan your week in advance and make sure you know what are your top tasks. Write down milestones for each day. Make sure checking all of those will constitute your work as ‘done’. At the end of the day, at the end of the week if someone asks you to stay late, you will be able to say you have done your job and you don’t need to do anything else. That way you will also not be confused about your contributions and will not feel the need to stay.Shut down at home. Overworkers have the bad habit of working even after they leave the office and go home. Make sure you have a strategy to avoid that. There are obviously exceptions if your position has management responsibilities, but make sure you limit it down to emergencies. Only.Take your breaks. V acations, weekends, lunch breaks. The rule here is similar to working from home. Just make sure you keep it to a minimum and talk to someone if it gets out of hand. Do not miss a single break. You will find you are really more productive, you get more things done, and, interestingly enough, you get more respect out of your boss, your employees and your colleagues if you have more respect for yourself in that way.Respond to repercussions. If you have done everything right so far, you must have dealt with your internal pressures to overwork yourself. Now you know the pressure is not coming from you. If the pressure is still there, it is not coming from you. Try and stop completely. If you become a victim of any repercussions, deal with them in time, with balance â€" keep things civil and proportionate, but don’t budge.Exploiting employees for their appearanceIt is not exclusive to women, but indeed predominantly women are affected by this form of exploitation.As society is focused m ore on the appearance of women rather than men, that phenomenon is also reflected in pressures in the workplace.Attractive women are supposed to sell. The way they look is, therefore, in various ways, implied to have effect on their professional success. And it goes well beyond just being ‘presentable’.First off, women are being pressured to lose weight. The issue with women’s weight is well known and very often discussed nowadays when it comes to the modeling industry.However, it does not stop there.Any time a woman’s job involves working with people, she is at risk to be pressured to change.And it does not stop at her weight. The second very popular exploitation of women for their appearance is their smile. Women are often asked to smile more in a way men aren’t.Third, women of color are being asked to change their hair â€" straighten it, smooth it out, or wear a weave. They are being told they do not look presentable with an afro or a protective hairstyle â€" if they w ear it in cornrows or dreadlocks.Those are just some of the common ways women are exploited for their appearance.How to defend yourself against the pressure to look ‘presentable’:Define ‘presentable’ for yourself. Ask yourself how important your appearance is in your work. Calculate it against your other responsibilities. If you are a fitness instructor, you do need to work on your body. If you are a waitress, you don’t. If you are a hairdresser, you probably need to change your hair every once in a while, if you work in a bank â€" you don’t. It is as simple as that.Prioritize and analyze. It is only exploitation if you are required to put unreasonable effort into your appearance. Does your appearance have, in any way, a connection to your field of work? If it does not than your appearance should not be any sort of requirement for you doing your job.Sexual harassmentAccording to The Human Rights Commission, Sexual harassment is ‘unwelcome sexual behavior, which could b e expected to make a person feel offended, humiliated or intimidated.’It is categorized as sexual harassment when it happens at the workplace, but also when it happens at work-related events or between people that have a labor relationship.With the ‘Me too’ movement a lot of cases of harassment are surfacing.Some scary statistics tell us that:0,01% of men and as much as 20% of women have experienced violent sexual assault at least once in their life. 8% of those assaults happen at work.Between 25% and 85% of women have experienced a form of sexual harassment at work.75% of harassment victims experienced retaliation when they spoke up.Harassment comes in many forms and, unfortunately, only the most severe of those can be detected, proven and punished. There can be other forms of sexual harassment that move on the edge of the legal and could still be harmful to your life and career.How NOT to defend yourself against sexual harassment:You cannot smile the right or wrong way to pr event sexual harassment from happening to you.You cannot dress the right or wrong way to prevent sexual harassment from happening to you.How to defend yourself against sexual harassment:Preventing sexual harassment is mainly the responsibility of the employer. Do your research in advance to signing your contract. See if you can gather some preliminary information â€" check for any legal cases or even rumors about workers in the company. Ask your interviewers about recent workshops or trainings.Be aware of your surroundings and your relationships. Be careful of any time you are asked for anything or are offered anything by someone other than your direct manager. Ideally, be sure any offence is intentional and conscious.In the best case scenario, you should feel safe enough to confront the harasser immediately. Tell them why you find their behavior offensive and how it is harmful to your career. If the unwanted behavior does not stop, feel free to seek legal advice. Be confidential un less you believe the culprit’s behavior may affect other victims.Maternity/paternity leave repercussionsMaternity, paternity or parental leave is a curious phenomenon.On the one side, we have a societal need, dictated by the wellbeing of new mothers, fathers, newborns and adopted children all over the world. The new member of the family needs the undivided attention of their parents in the first days and weeks in their home.On the other, governments, law makers and businesses all seem to abdicate from their responsibility to allow and protect that right of family time.New mothers and especially new fathers are often betrayed by their government and are forced to take up their time off as vacation or sick leave.Even in countries where paternity and maternity leave is abundant, such as Japan, pressures to come back to the workplace discourage new parents from taking their time off.How to defend yourself against Maternity/paternity leave repercussions:Do your research in advance. Mak e sure you know your legalities as soon as you know a child is on the way. Laws vary between countries and sometimes even municipalities. Speak to HR and/or a lawyer to confirm your rights and responsibilities in this situation.Talk to your partner. As soon as you know what your options are, figure out a plan. Factor in your legal rights, respect each other’s wishes and take into account your financial situation. Write down a detailed plan.Be forthright. As soon as you have your plan you need to present it to your direct manager. Be kind and respectful, be decent and understanding that you are putting them in a difficult situation. Tell them you trust them to support you. Assure them you will be available, but you want to limit your involvement to emergencies. The rest will go great â€" you already have a fool-proof plan. Do not budge on your decisions regardless of their reaction. You have your research and you know you are in the right.Announce.  Your work will most probably hav e to be taken over by your colleagues. Together with your direct manager display and explain your plan for action. Assure everyone you will help them get into your shoes well in advance â€" no surprises. You will be available for questions, but ask for the basic decency to only be contacted when absolutely necessary â€" explain you are going away for your family’s sake and want to make the most of it.Snap back. When you come back from your leave you will need some time to get back in shape. Make sure it is limited. Announce in advance: ‘Thank you for covering for me. It was the best thing for my family and you contributed. I still need some time to get my head back in the game but I promise in TWO WEEKS time I will be ready. Everything will be just as it was before.’ That way you make It clear you were gone temporarily. You planned it well and you know what you are doing. You should never be passed over for a promotion.Deny adequate compensationInadequate compensation is one of the least well protected forms of exploitation. Employers can always hide behind the notion that your pay has to be proportionate to your contributions. And your contributions can always be diminished if it gets to that.We already discussed one form of unfair compensation above â€" when employers require overtime work, but do not pay for it fairly.There are other forms of unfair compensation.Unpaid internships. One report from the e All-Party Parliamentary Group on Social Mobility in the UK concludes that interns must be paid after their first month of their employment.At the same time, the Guardian reports that ‘Inflation and increasing rents have pushed the cost of a one-month unpaid placement in the capital to a minimum of £1,019, meaning that a six-month internship with no pay would cost a person at least £6,114.’The gender pay gap. The American Association of University Women has issued ‘The Simple Truth’ â€" a report with statistics and information to help underst and the scope, the origins and the possible solutions of the issue.According to the report:‘In 2016, women working full time in the United States typically were paid just 80 percent of what men were paid, a gap of 20 percent…The gap has narrowed since 1960, due largely to women’s progress in education and workforce participation and to men’s wages rising at a slower rate. At the rate of change between 1960 and 2016 women are expected to reach pay equity with men in 2059.’The report acknowledges several reasons why the gender pay gap exists. Among them are the gender-based occupation choices, the gender-based parenting bias (the implication that women are seen as more responsible for the children), but also the gender bias and the employer practices of pay secrecy and pay negotiations.‘…After accounting for college major, occupation, economic sector, hours worked, months unemployed since graduation, GPA, type of undergraduate institution, institution selectivity, age, g eographical region, and marital status, AAUW found a remaining 7 percent difference between the earnings of male and female college graduates one year after graduation. That gap jumped to 12 percent 10 years after college graduation’Refusing deserved pay raise Wages are stagnant. The raise in productivity of the workforce is, unfortunately, not reflected in the raise of average wages. Refusing a well-deserved pay raise happens for no other reason than to save money.Management is constantly pushed to restrict budgets, mostly in order to increase profits. At all costs.Denying a pay raise is a relatively easy way, believe it or not, to keep the budget within its limits. It is easier than negotiating with suppliers, foreseeing market crises, or raising prices to customers.How to defend your right to a well-deserved pay raise:Know your value. Before everything else, you must be completely sure the pay raise you are asking for is indeed well deserved. Make a common-sense check. How long have you been in the company? What are your undeniable contributions? Do you have the right attitude? Do you receive appropriate feedback? Common sense will tell you if you are being objective in your reasoning.Know your comparative value. Unfortunately, it is indeed the easiest for a company to save on bonuses for its employees. That is, unless it comes to loosing top talent. Don’t be afraid to research your options in case you would have to make the ultimate choice. Keep on the same wage, or leave. Can you go to better conditions?Speak to your direct manager. Respectfully, and with an open mind, request a meeting with your direct manager. Be calm and collected. Present your case with confidence and facts. Explain why you believe you deserve more.Don’t be afraid to negotiate. Pay negotiations could be difficult if you perceive it as having discussions about your personal value. Try and be objective. Do you know what you deserve? Can you get it somewhere else? Say what you want and stand behind your numbers.Wait for the right time. And the right time is not never or forever. But it is very possible it is not right now. If your management explains you should wait for the next budget year, or several months until the company is in a better financial situation, assess that against your choices. But don’t forget to factor in loyalty towards your employer.CONCLUSIONThe difference between being simply employed and being exploited is the same as the difference between being utilized and being used.If you are being utilized you are a part of a labor relationship with an organization where both parties find it equally beneficial. You are selling your work to your company and it is paying the price.If you are being exploited and used, the organization is using its position of power over your life to break that balance of mutual benefit in its favor. In such situations, it often happens that top management is cutting corners so they benefit more from the hard work of their low-level employees.And the low-level employees allow that if they are not well aware of their value, of the unfair power balance and the unfair practices.Educating and protecting yourself is your best bet for a successful career and personal fulfillment.

Being the Meat in the Sandwich Implications of the double...

One of the many ways that postcolonial literature accomplishes the task of challenging the hegemony of western imperialism is through the use of a ‘canonical counter-discourse,’ a strategy whereby ‘a post-colonial writer takes up a character or characters, or the basic assumptions of a canonical text [where a colonialist discourse is developed directly or indirectly], and unveils [its colonialist] assumptions, subverting the text for post-colonial purposes’. (Tiffin, 1987) Such a revolutionary literary project is evidently realised in Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys, a prequel that ‘writes back the centre’ of Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre (1847). Rhys is categorical about her conscious authorial intention: ‘I immediately thought Id write a†¦show more content†¦This is evident in both the decay of Coulibri, a once-rich plantation, as well as in the riot staged by black workers out of the fear that they will soon be replace d by East-Indian coolies. Such socio-political turmoil is a direct consequence of a long period of colonisation that has given rise to serious fragmentations in society, marginalisation of certain disadvantaged groups in the interest of a materially privileged minority, a long history of oppression, miscegenation so on and so forth that lead to ongoing conflict. The emancipation of the slaves, on the one hand, resulted in the decay of the former slave owing families such as Cosway’s that lost their former privileged status in society, and on the other hand, it led to the growth of a counter-hegemony by the former slaves against the former salve owning creole minority as vengeance for their former oppressive conduct. Antoinette is a prima facie victim of this anti-colonialist neo-hegemony which is an unfortunate consequence of western colonialism. Racial impurity resulting from miscegenation is perceived in many

Nobody Calls Me A Wog Anymore - 1137 Words

Australia’s identity has always been a complicated one. Starting with Aboriginal genocide, 1800’s cowboys and villains, two world wars and a bunch of poems describing them, it makes it difficult to conclude on what being an ‘Aussie’ really is. Thankfully, the two thought-provoking poems Nobody Calls Me a Wog Anymore by Komninos Zervos, and My Country by Dorothea Mackellar both use their discerning selection of themes to reflect modern attitudes in some extent. Along with their themes, Nobody Calls Me a Wog Anymore and My Country both use their story to capture the attributes modern Australians possess to some degree. The passionate writer, Komninos Zervos, has been renowned for his upfront, realistic and modern themes shown in his work. The entirety of his most prominent poem Nobody Calls Me a Wog Anymore is based on a theme which identifies the discrimination a Greek Australian faced due to his ethnicity in the country â€Å"Assert my identity Say, ‘hey!’ ‘Aus tra li a!’ ‘Look at me!’ Whether you like it or not I am one of you† (Line 13-18) Speaking from his experiences with hate and discrimination, Komninos positions us to feel as if an apology is necessary. But why? Surely there has to be a reason to make us feel this way. Looking at the final stanza of this poem, we can experience how he feels now, in modern Australia. â€Å"hey Australia I like you lots Since you stopped calling me ‘me wog mate kevin’ And started calling me ‘the Australian poet, Komninos!’† (LineShow MoreRelatedLooking for Alibrandi3765 Words   |  16 PagesLOOKING FOR ALIBRANDI – QUOTES (1992 Puffin edition) â€Å"My mother was born here so as far as the Italians were concerned we weren’t completely one of them. Yet because my grandparents were born in Italy we weren’t completely Australian.† (p. 7) â€Å"It makes me feel I will never be a part of their society and I hate that because I’m just as smart as they are.† (p. 8) â€Å"The room isn’t like the living rooms of my parents†¦ but I like it. Because my mother and I are stamped all over it.† (p. 10) â€Å"Telecom wouldRead MoreAustralian Identity Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesAdventurous. Loyal. Free. Proud. These are the typical words Australians use to describe themselves, to identify themselves as different from the rest of the world. But who is an Australian? Someone that was born in Australia? Only people we choose to call Australian? People with great achievements that we choose to take credit for? Only people that love sport and vegemite? Or maybe only people with â₠¬ËœAussie’ accents? The Australian population is a proud one indeed, proud of their nation, their achievements

Bygone Ohio Free Essays

The first poem talks about the beauty of Ohio with its people living happily in the comfort of beautiful scenery and clean environment as reflected by the artificial water fall coming out from a pipe connected with the main sewer, the river and the railroad. The poet recalls in his vivid memories how at once he sat on the railroad not far from that ‘waterfall’, just above the main sewer overlooking the river with a ferry traversing on it. But now, as he walks around, that beauty is gone. We will write a custom essay sample on Bygone Ohio or any similar topic only for you Order Now What the poet sees are the remains of the beauty that he too had enjoyed in the past. What are left are broken walls with lots of cracks, â€Å"while grimed trees and oil cans liters just around. The river fast flowing clean water has now become a lost bath tub. The poet summons up colorfully in his memory the once beautiful Ohio perhaps during his youthful days, but the beauty that the poet once admired is now a Bygone memory of those old men of Winnebago. The wild grimed trees, the cracks on walls of abandoned barns and the lost bathtub are now just a gleam remains that reminds the old folks of the former beauty of Ohio. The first poem is full of descriptive words describing the beauty of Ohio and the peaceful atmosphere the people enjoyed. The scenic description of the environment reveals that Ohio has not been touched yet by the arms of industrialization. The old men can enjoy the fresh air and the peaceful environment not being crowded by buildings, and individualism and the consumerism culture have not taken its stall yet with the people. The poem uses the elements of poetry to strongly illustrate the impact of utter neglect of the environment for the sake of commercialization or industrialization. The first poem used poetical words such as â€Å"shining water fall out the pipe as somebody might gouge through the slanted earth† to describe clean environment where people actively participated on it. The next four lines of the poem talk about these environmental interaction. The poem goes as he said, â€Å"Quickened the river with the speed of light and the light caught there, the solid speed of their lives in that waterfall,† where people enjoyed the benefits of the clean and simple environment. The second poem is the reverse scenario of the first poem. The songs of the men of old Winnebago has gone. The clean environment which is reflected by the shining water fall out of the pipe from the main sewer is gone too and is now replaced by oil cans Littering just at the very place where the shining water fall was.. The once river bang filled with people perhaps doing picnics and swimming, is now empty. What was left are â€Å"cold balloons† of lovers. The river which once enjoyed by the people is now â€Å"a body of a lost bath tubs. †The proud houses which once stood nicely along specific places apart from each one as they have relatively small population of only one thousand six hundred families were now abandoned with walls each has crack and the trees that serves as shades, are now wiled and grim. The proud houses that once stood nicely as nobody are dwelling in the once beautiful place are gone. In the first poem, the author expressed his feeling and memories of the beautiful Ohio with such poetical description as men of Winnebago singing â€Å"shining† water fall out of the pipe, Martins ferry, my home, my native country, quickened river, with the speed of light. † All these reveal that the author is proud of Ohio. But the second poem also reveals the author’s disappointment about utter neglect and abandonment of this once beautiful place. The author picturesquely describe what it has now turn perhaps after a long years being away. What he now sees are broken walls, wild grim trees, oil cans that litters around and the empty river bang which were at once full of people happily interacting with the environment. Perhaps some lovers are dating and enjoying the scenic beauty of the river, others are swimming while still others are doing family picnic and some maybe fishing. All these are now gone and the author feels lonely as if the place is a cemetery. In the two poems, I like best the first one as it gives me mental picture of what it looks like for most cities now crowded not only with mix races of people but also with tall buildings too. Although the second poem depicts reality in most places but it always good to see nice places, I mean scenic environment. It made me feel good to imagine of fresh air, waterfall, clean river where everybody can swim or fish and lots of trees that provides shadow. The first poem provides the reader a positive imagination that creates interests in such kind of place. The second one creates a feeling of regret, a feeling of frustration and anger why the people allow the deterioration of the beauty of their place. Since most people would not like bad news, or bad place, as it also create negative feeling or bad impression, I would rather say that I like and I favor the first poem. It makes me feel good and leave positive outlook not only on environment but in my own life particularly to environmental protection and to those who work hard for this cause. I think I owe them something that I need to do something. That is for the protection of the environment. How to cite Bygone Ohio, Papers

Rizal Journey Essay Essay Example

Rizal Journey Essay Paper Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Rizal’s Life. Works and Writings Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course|Republic Act of 1425Or Rizal Law| * Mandates the instruction of the life. plants and Hagiographas of Rizal in all schools in the state. | Jose P. Laurel | * Sponsored the jurisprudence because Rizal was the laminitis of Filipino nationality and the designer of the Filipino state. * Believed that by reading and analyzing Rizal’s life. instructions and Hagiographas. Filipino young person will derive incorruptible assurance. way. bravery and finding. | Aims of Rizal Law ( 1956 ) | * To rededicate the lives of the young person to ideals of freedom and patriotism. * To pay testimonial to our national hero for giving his life and works in determining the Filipino character. * To derive an inspiring beginning of nationalism thru the survey of Rizal’s life. plants and Hagiographas. | †¦Goals by the Board of National Education ( Capino et al. 1997 ) | * To acknowledge the relevancy of Rizal’s ideals. ideas. instructions and life values to present status in the community. * To use Rizal’s thoughts in the solution of daily state of affairss and jobs in modern-day life. * To develop an apprehension and grasp of the qualities. behaviour and character of Rizal. * To further the development of moral character. personal subject. citizenship and vocational efficiency among the Filipino young person. | Rizal. An American Sponsored Hero| We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal Journey Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal Journey Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal Journey Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Constantino ( 1969 ) | * Claims that Rizal was an American-sponsored hero. | Taft Commission of 1901| * Not the Filipino people chose Rizal to go our country’s national hero. | Contenders of the Title of National Hero| * Rizal. Aguinaldo. Bonifacio and Mabini| Act No. 137| * Organized a politico-military territory and named it as the state of Rizal in award of the most celebrated Filipino. | Act No. 243| * Authorized a public subscription for the hard-on of a memorial in award of Rizal at Luneta. | Act No. 345| * Set aside the day of remembrance of Rizal’s decease as a twenty-four hours of observation. | Agoncillo ( 1986 ) | * Rizal was accepted as a national hero to the Americans because he was the symbol of assimilation. which was the American policy so in the Philippines. | Factors harmonizing to Constantino ( 1969 ) that affected Rizal’s acceptableness as official hero of the Philippines| * Rizal was already dead when the Americans began their aggression in t he Philippines. * No embarrassinganti-American citation could of all time be attributed to Rizal. * Rizal’s dramatic martyrdom had already made him the symbol of Spanish subjugation. | Guerrero ( 1998 ) | * Asserts that it is the Filipinos who have chosen Rizal to be the symbol of our patriotism as a people even before he died. * Rizal was the first Filipino. | Guerrero’s Conclusions| * Since the Filipinos love peace. they have chosen to amplify a adult male of peace above the work forces of war. * Because Filipinos are lovers of freedom and justness. they have given their worship to a adult male who gave up all amenitiess and pleasances of the peace for their interest. * Filipinos prize virtue more than triumph and forfeit above success. | Rizal. Pioneer Asiatic Nationalist Leader| De Ocampo ( 1969 ) | * Rizal was the first advocate of Asiatic patriotism since he was the beginning of inspiration for the eruption of the Philippine Revolution of 1896. | Fisher ( 1962 ) | * Called Rizal the Pioneer Exponent of Liberal Democracy in Asia. * Said even before Gandhi and Sun Yat-Sen began their political calling. Rizal had already spoken out with soundness and bravery thoughts on broad democracy by his Hagiographas. * Worth and self-respect of the person. * Inviolability of human rights * Innate equality of all work forces and races * Necessity for constitutional authorities * Due procedure of jurisprudence * Popular sovereignty as footing of all political authorization. * Faith in human ground and enlightenment * Rights of the multitudes to public instruction. * Belief in societal advancement through freedom | Major Periods in the Life of Rizal ( Celedonio. 1982 ) | First Period ( 1861-1872 ) | * Rizal learned how to read. compose and listened to narratives that triggered inventive and critical thought on his portion. * He developed diligence. creativeness. reason and self-respect. | Second Period ( 1872-1882 ) | * First turning point in the life of Rizal. * He was 11 and enrolled in Ateneo Municipal despite his mother’s expostulation. * It was the period when Fathers Gomez. Burgos and Zamora were unjustly executed by the Spanish authorities. * Their martyrdom made Rizal aware of the maltreatments of the government and led him to give himself in the hereafter to revenge unfairnesss and inhuman treatments of the Spanish. * Strengthening of his spiritual foundation. * Cultivation of the thrust toward excellence * Conception of the Philippines as his homeland. *Visualizing the Philippines having light thru instruction. * Percept of the intimate confederation between faith and instruction. | Third Period ( 1882-1892 ) | * Second major turning point in Rizal’s life. * He decided to go forth the Philippines to get away persecution. * He traveled and everyplace he went. he was ever an perceiver and a pupil. larning from everything he saw. read and heard. * He took portion in the Propaganda Movement based in Europe. | Fourth Period ( 1892-1896 ) | * The last turning point of his life before his martyrdom in December 30. 1896. * Rizal was exiled to Dapitan. * He detached his connexions with political relations and devoted more of his clip in practical service and utility to the community. | Chapter 2: The nineteenth Century World of Jose RizalGrowth and Development of Nationalism |Nationalism | * ( Jackson A ; Jackson. 2000 ) A sense of trueness or psychological attachment members of a state portion. based on a common linguistic communication. history. civilization and desire for independency. * It is a feeling that drives a people together as a state. * McKay et Al. 1995 * Has evolved from a existent or imagined cultural integrity. attesting itself in a common linguistic communication. history and district. * Patriots have normally sought to turn this cultural integrity into political world so that the district of each people coincides with its province boundaries. * Patriots believe that every state has the right to be in freedom and develop in character and spirit. * It can take to aggressive campaigns and counter-crusades and can emphasize differences among people. | Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy| Black. 1999| * The rise and spread of Liberalism and Democracy was really a effect of the growing and development of patriotism. | Liberalism| * Principle thoughts are liberty and equality. * Demanded representative authorities as opposed to bossy monarchy. equality before the jurisprudence as opposed to lawfully separate categories. * Besides meant specific single freedom: freedom of the imperativeness ; freedom of address ; freedom of assembly ; and freedom from arbitrary apprehension. | Democracy| * Was bit by bit established thru the undermentioned agencies: * Promulgation of Torahsthat progress democracy * Undertaking of reforms thru statute law * Abolition of bondage * Adoption of a broad fundamental law * Supplying the citizens the chance to suggest Torahs * Adoption of manhood right to vote and granting of political. economic and societal rights to the people * The ecclesiastical and civil governments so were non inclined to allow basic human rights to the Filipinos as it wil l be disadvantageous to the Spain’s colonial disposal of the Philippines fearing that it will actuate the Filipinos to work for independency and convey down the Regime. | The Industrial Revolution| Stearns et Al. 1991| * One of the most important developments in the nineteenth century was the Industrial revolution. | Industrial Revolution| * Refers to the transmutation of fabrication brought about by the innovation and usage of machines. | Positive Effects| * Rise of the mill system. * Mass production of indispensable and non-essential goods. * Improvement of people’s criterion of life. * Greater Urbanization of Society. * Beginnings of specialisation or division of labour. * Invention of labor-saving devices. * The beginning of industrial capitalist economy * Fostering of liberalism and patriotism. * Encouragement of people’s mobility. | Negative Effects| * Widening the spread between the rich and hapless * Unending economic warfare between labour and capital * Pollution and other environmental jobs * Get downing of kid and adult females labour * Intensification of imperialistic competition between and among industrialised states. | Doreen. 1991| * To work out th e immoralities created by the industrial system. different steps were proposed by concerned sectors of universe society. | Liberals| * Laissez-faire policy or government’s non-interference in the behavior of trade and concern has to be sustained for the uninterrupted enlargement of the economic system. | Socialists| * Assert that the authorities has to command critical industries and resources. * Necessary in advancing equality of chance and people’s public assistance in society. | Communists| * Suggest that all factors of production be owned and controlled by the authorities. * Equality can be achieved if societal categories are destroyed and absolutism of the labor is established. | The Progresss of Science| Consequences| * Everyday experience and countless scientists impressed the importance of scientific discipline on the heads of ordinary citizens. * As scientific discipline became more outstanding in popular thought. the philosophical deduction of scientific discipline spread to wide subdivisions of the population. Technical progresss led people to develop optimistic religion in man’s capableness to accomplish advancement. * The methods of scientific discipline acquired unrivaled prestigiousness after 1850. For many. the brotherhood of careful experiment and abstract theory was the lone path to the truth and nonsubjective world. | The Upsurge of Western Imperialism| Industrializing West| * In the nineteenth century. they entered the 3rd and most dynamic stage of its centuries-old-expansion into non-Western lands. | Consequences of Western Expansion| * The universe became in many ways a individual unit. * Diffused the thoughts and techniques of a extremely developed civilisation. Yet the west relied on force to suppress and govern and treated non-western people as racial inferiors. * Non-western elites launched national. anti-imperialist battle for self-respect. echt independency and modernisation. * Colonized people started to asseverate their right to self-government or the right to take the sort of authorities under which they would populate. | Optimism and Confidence in Progress| Chodorow et Al. 1994| * Optimism or faith in society and man’s ability to advancement was brought approximately by the promotion of scientific discipline. the coming of steam-powered industry and the spread of liberalism and socialism. | Marquis de Condorcet| * Summed the optimism of the century in his work Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind. * Saw that â€Å"the strongest grounds for believing that nature has set no bound to realisation of our hopes† and foresaw â€Å"the abolishment of inequality between states. the advancement of equality within states and the true flawlessness of humanity. Progress was now independent of any power that might wish to hold it and will neer be reversed. †| Achievements| * Extension of human rights to many people * Promotion of higher instruction for work forces and adult females * Education for patriotism in schools * Investment in scientific discipline to function world * Improvement of public wel lness thru the constitution of legion infirmaries * Emergence of realistic literature. picturing the life of the clip | Chapter 3: Spain and the Philippines in the nineteenth Century Spain in the 19th Century|Zaide. 1994| * The nineteenth century was a disruptive century of political relations in Spanish history. * Frequent rise and autumn of ministries and fundamental laws. * Force to abandon the policy of mercantile system and adopted the individualistic policy. | Maguigad et Al. 2000| * To salvage the state from political disunity. the Spanish Crown worked out the canovite system or rotativism. | Canovite System or Rotativism| * The progressives and conservativists in Spain took bends in administrating the personal businesss of the state. | Mercantilism| * An economic philosophy based on the thought that a country’s wealth and power can be measured in footings of its stock of gold and Ag. | Romero et Al. 1978| * Spain was forced to abandon this policy on history of her felt need to follow the tendency of economic development in Europe and at the same clip velocity up the growing of her commercialism and trade. | Capino. 1977| * Spain’s acceptance of laissez-faire policy affected the Philippines in several ways. * Spain ended the Galleon Trade or the Manila-Acapulco trade in 1873. * This straight opened the Philippines to the universe commercialism * Ended the economic isolation of the Philippines from the remainder of the universe. * Created a in-between category imbued with civic bravery and personal independency which started the oppugning the maltreatments of the Spanish Regime. | The Philippines During Rizal’s Time| Consequences of the Spanish Conquest| * The Filipinos lost their hereditary lands on history of Spain’s establishment of the encomienda system. * Forced to accept Spanish civilization and faith. * This alteration was apparent in the administrative organisation of the state. societal construction and educational system of the Philippines and economic state of affairs in the nineteenth century. | Administrative Organization| Ministry of Colonies| * Thru this. the Spanish Crown was able to regulate the Philippines. | Governor-General| * Appointed by the Spanish sovereign * The caput of the Spanish colonial authorities in the state. *Represented the Crown in all governmental affairs. * Vice Royal Patron over spiritual personal businesss intending he could put up priests for ecclesiastical disposal of the parishes. * Commander in head of the colonial ground forces. * Chief executive of the colonial authorities. he was an ex-officio president of the Royal Audiencia. the Supreme Court in the Philippines during those times. * Had legislative powers. * Had the power of cumplase or the power to make up ones mind which jurisprudence or loyal edict should be implemented or disregarded in the settlement. | Actos Acordados| * Laws enacted by the governor-general. | Alcaldias| * The states during the Spanish Regime. * Divided into towns or Pueblo. | Alcalde Mayor or Provincial Mayor| * Each one headed a state who exe rcised executive and judicial maps. | Indulto de Commercio| * The provincial authorities was the most corrupt unit in local authorities so. owing to the privilege to prosecute in the monopolize trade called ______ . | Gobernadorcillo or Town Mayor| * Each one headed a Pueblo. * At first. he was elected by all married males. * Then. he was voted by 13 voters. chaired by the outgoing gobernadorcillo. * His chief duty was revenue enhancement aggregation. * To guarantee aggregation and remittal of these revenue enhancements. he was required to mortgage his belongingss to the authorities at the beginning of his term. | Romero et Al. 1978| * Each town was divided into barrios or barangays. | Cabeza de Barangay | * Headed a barangay. the smallest unit of authorities. * His map was to care of peace and order and aggregation of revenue enhancements and testimonials in the barangay. | Ayuntamiento| * City authorities during the Spanish Regime. * Governed by a cabildo or metropolis council com posed of a metropolis city manager ( alcalde en ordinario ) . councilors ( regidores ) . head constable ( aguacil city manager ) and a secretary ( escribano ) . | Spanish friar| * A cardinal figure in the local administrative set-up ( Schumacher. 1997 ) * Because of the brotherhood of the church and province in the Philippines. a rule upon which the Spanish colonial authorities in the state was founded. * Oversing representative of the Spanish authorities for all local personal businesss. * Practically the swayer of the town as he was the local school. wellness. prison. inspector and inspector of histories of the gobernadorcillos and cabeze de barangays. * His blessing was required in nose count lists. revenue enhancement lists. lists of ground forces draftees. and registry of births. deceases andmatrimonies. | Frailocracia| * Friars became more powerful and influential that even civil governments feared them. * Termed by Lopez Jaena. | Guardia Civil| * Another establishment feared in the Philippines. * Organized in1867. as a corps of native constabularies under the leading of Spanish officers for the intent of covering with criminals and renegades ( Maguigad et al. 2000 ) | Filibusteros| * Enemies of the authorities. | Erehes| * Enemies of the Catholic Church. |Audiencia Real| * Vested the judicial power of the authorities. * The Supreme Court during those times and the lower tribunals ( De Leon. 2000 ) . * Highest tribunal in the Philippines. * Besides served as a forum for settling of import issues on administration and an auditing bureau of the fundss of Spanish colonial disposal in the state. | Residencia| * The test of an surpassing governor-general to account for his Acts of the Apostless during his term of office of office. | Visitador| * Investigating officer to examine on ailments against the governor-general. he was non able to defy corruptness for his personal advantage. | Capino. 1977| * Another beginning of failing and maltreatment of Spanish authorities was the widespread merchandising of lower place to highest bidders. | The Social Structure of Filipino Society| Romero et Al. 1978| * Philippine society so was feudalistic as a effect of the encomienda system imposed by the colonisers. | polo Y servicio| * Forced labour to the authorities and the Catholic Chruch. | Limpieza de sangre| * Purity of Blood * The societal construction implemented by Spain was pyramidic due to the colonizer’s attachment to the doctrine†¦ ( Maguigad. 2000 ) . | Social Pyramid: | | Peninsulares| * Spaniards born in Spain. |Insulares| * Spaniards born in the Philippines. |Spanish and Chinese Mestizo| |Principalia| * Ruling category of native elites. |Indios| * Masses|Educational System|Failing of the Educational System: | * Over-emphasis on faith * Limited and irrelevant course of study * Obsolete schoolroom installations * Inadequate instructional stuff * Absence of academic freedom * Racial bias against the Filipinos in school. | Chapter 4: The Dawn of Filipino NationalismFusion of the Philippines Under Spanish Era|Reduccion Plan| * Implemented by Fr. Juan de Plasencia * Required the indigens to populate in the country near the church. | Results of the Reduccion Plan| * Spanish encomenderos found it easier to roll up revenue enhancements. * Transformed the Filipinos into law-abidding citizens. * The independency of the barangays was lost because of the resettlement of the indigens under the influence of the church. | Early Resistance to Spanish Rule| Rebellions caused by the desire to recover their lost freedom: | * Revolt of Raha Sulayman and Lakan Dula ( 1574 ) * Tondo Conspiracy ( 1587-1588 ) * Revolt of Malong ( 1660-1661 ) * Dagohoy’s Revolt ( 1744-1829 ) * Revolt of Diego Silang ( 1762-1763 ) * Revolt of Palaris ( 1762-1764 ) | Revolts caused by opposition to Spanish-imposed establishments: | * Magalat Revolt ( 1596 ) * Revolt of the Irrayas ( 1621 ) * Cagayan Revolt ( 1639 ) * Sumuroy Rebellion ( 1649-1650 ) * Maniago Revolt ( 1660 ) | Revolts caused by the agricultural agitation: | * Provinces of Batangas. Laguna. Cavite. Pampanga and Bulacan. | Rebellions caused by the desire to return to their native faith: | * Igorot Revolt ( 1601 ) * Tamblot Revolt ( 1621-1622 ) * Revolt of Lanab and Alababan ( 1625-1627 ) * Tapar Revolt ( 1663 ) * Revolt of Francisco Rivera ( 1718 ) * Revolt of Hermano Apolinario dela Cruz ( 1840-1841 ) * Revolt of the Muslims in Southern Philippines| Divide et Impera Policy| * Factor for the failure of the rebellions. * They failed to recognize that their common enemy was the Spanish| The Emergence of the Filipino Sense of Nationhood | Cause of the Development of Nationalism | * Opening of the Philippines to universe commercialism * Rise of clase media * Broad government of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre * Racial Discrimination * Secularization contention * Cavite Mutiny of 1872| The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce| John Locke’s Theory of Revolution| * People can subvert a authorities that is non working for the good of the governed. | The Rise of Clase Media|Clase Media or New in-between class| * Can be traced to the prosperity of a comparatively little category of ladino and the principalia or governing elite who benefited from the gap of the state to foreign commercialism and trade. | Broad Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre| Carlos Ma. Dela Torre| * Was appointed governor-general after the autumn of Queen Isabella and the victory of liberalism in Spain. * Encouraged the aspirations of the reformers and abolished the censoring of the imperativeness. * During his term. freedom of address and of the imperativeness as guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution were recognized. | Rafeal de Izquierdo| * Replaced Carlos Ma. Dela Torre * Boasted that he came to the Philippines with a cross on one manus and a blade on the other. | Racial Discrimination| Indios| * What the Spanish called the Filipinos * Means inferior race| Fray Miguel de Bustamante| * Portrayed the Filipino as an single with low mental ability. incapable of geting European instruction and fitted merely to work in the field and be given a carabao in his booklet called Si Tandang Basyong Macunat. | Secularization Controversy| Secularization of Parishes| * The transportation of the monitories established by regular Spanish clergy to Filipino laymans. | Fr. Pedro Pelaez| * An insulares. who rose to the place of vicar capitular of Manila in1861. * Led the battle against royal edicts turning secular parishes over to the mendicants. * Appealed to the Queen Isabella II for ecclesiastical equality between the Spanish habitues and Filipino laymans. | Fr. Burgos| * Continued the battle subsequently after the decease of Fr. Palaez. * He exerted all attempts to support the Filipino clergy from all the onslaughts by the Spanish habitues. * Applead to the Spanish queen that the Filipino priests the opportunity to turn out that they can be the Spanish habitues. | Cavite Mutiny of 1872| Sgt. La Madrid| * Lead a mutiny with Filipino soldiers in the armory of Cavite on the dark of January 20. 1872 brought about by Izquierdo’s abolishment of their freedom from testimonials and forced labour. | Rizal and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872| Execution of Gomburza| * When Rizal heard of the martyrdom of Gomburza when he was 11 old ages old. he changed his head of going a priest and go a Jesuit male parent and dedicated his life to revenge the victims of the Spanish authorities. |

Football Essays (1142 words) - National Football League, Free Essays

Football Essays (1142 words) - National Football League, Free Essays Football This is a crwative essay only A Steeler Game I harbor a lot of passion for the game of football. Its more than just a game to me. Some people fish or do crosswords. What I do to relax and have fun in my spare time is watch or read about football. While engaged in watching or reading about this particular sport, I escape from the everyday grind of life. Going to a sporting event like a football game is outrageous. The building anxiety weeks before I attend a Steeler game can drive any normal fan to insanity. Its 6:00 AM Sunday morning. There was no need for an alarm to wake me up on this fine morning. I am about to pack my portable grill and a few cases of beer into my car to go on a two-hour road trip to Three Rivers Stadium. I am going to attend a Steeler game. On the road its WDVE on the radio all the way to Pittsburgh. Myron Cope, WDVEs celebrated play by play analyst, sounds off. As usual he is as exited about toady as I am. Myron Cope is talking about players, injuries and coaches. There are a lot of things hell talk about with Tunch Ilkin, his sidekick and former Steeler player. As they make their predictions, as to how the day will go for the Steelers, and other teams in the Steelers division. After two hours of listening to the analysts, its time to pay the ten dollars to park my car. I open my car door and its pandemonium. Organized chaos! Thousands of people (fans) parking their cars, setting up their grills and cracking their first beer of the morning. All of this is happening at 8:00 AM. The day has just started, and it gets better. My breakfast on a day like today would consist of two hamburgers over easy and sixteen ounces of beer. In this kind of environment, Fruit Loops and O.J. just wont do. It seems as though a lot of fans feel the same way I do. I smell nothing but grilled food and stale beer. For those of you who come from other planets, and with me being a responsible citizen of earth, I must tell you this. Sitting in a parking lot or open field, drinking alcohol, eating large quantities of food, and socializing before or after any football game is called tailgating. There are other things to view before the game even starts. Low flying aircraft with advertisement banners in tow. You know the kind, the same ones that interrupt your quiet time at the beach every ten minutes. Sometimes one of those huge blimps will be flying over Three Rivers Stadium too. I really like those blimps, and the blimps fly really low to the ground in the parking lot too. But I did not pay to see an air show. I came to watch a football game, and the only thing that I want to see in the air is a football. And looking at Three Rivers Stadium is quit a site, in itself. Its not just its size, but its history that impress me. Well its time to get inside the stadium to watch the game. Ill pass many scalpers in the parking lot on my way to the stadium. At this time Id like to address the visitors from other planets again. Scalpers are not Indians trying to cut your forehead off. No sir, they are humans selling tickets to the game for three times their original value. I then get my game day program. I always buy this program. It makes a great souvenir. Once inside the stadium, its a new world. Its nothing like watching the game from home. Everything looks different; the field is ten times more colorful than on television. The fans cheering are ten times louder, and more exciting. It feels like youre apart of something really big. Once I sit down in my seat, like most fans I stay there until halftime. And at that point in time I wonder why I waited, because now I have to fight my way in and out of the restroom. That my friends, is the only bad thing

Should You Go to a College With Greek Life Pros and Cons

Should You Go to a College With Greek Life Pros and Cons SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Most people have ideas about Greek life that are based on pop culture stereotypes of fraternities and sororities. However, Greek life isn’t supposed to be about wild parties, â€Å"bro culture,† and superficial judgments (although those things can come into play). Fraternities and sororities are often great communities where you’ll make lifelong friends. In this article, I’ll give you an overview of what Greek life is, its pluses and minuses, and whether you should go to a school with fraternities and sororities. What Is Greek Life? A Brief History Greek life got its namebecause fraternities and sororities are named with Greek letters.This tradition began with the formation of the first Greek-letter student society, Phi Beta Kappa Society, at the College of William and Mary in 1776.The society was more of an academic group that fostered literary debates than anything else, but it was an early model for later organizations. The first fraternity in the modern sense, Kappa Alpha Society at Union College, was founded in 1825.Kappa Alpha tried to emulate Phi Beta Kappa while also focusing on the development of friendships amongits members.After this time, more fraternities began to emerge on various college campuses.Some would become national organizations with chapters at different colleges. Sororities started up in the 1850s as more and more women began to attend college and challenge the male-dominated academic and social scene.To date, there are 123 fraternities and sororities in the US and Canada with 750,000 undergraduate members in 12,000 chapters on over 800 college campuses. Some campuses have a marginal Greek scene, with students involved in these organizations being in the extreme minority, while others have a very dominant Greek population. This leads to varying levels of Greek influence on campus culture as a whole.At Washington and Lee University, about 80 percent of undergraduates are involved in Greek life. Since Washington and Lee only has around 2,300 students total, this makes for an extremely strong impact on the social scene. At the University of Georgia, about 23 percent of students are involved in Greek life within a population of over 27,000 undergraduates. Especially at such a large school, the Greek minority may hold less sway over the dynamics of campus culture. Washington and Lee University: It's almost all Greek to me Why Is Greek Life Popular? What’s It All About? The missions of fraternities and sororities vary from chapter to chapter, but some characteristics are relatively consistent.Fraternities and sororities look to develop strong bonds between their members and encourage personal growth and development.These organizations often have special traditions that bring members together and promote loyalty, friendship, community service, intellectual achievements, and leadership. Traditions usually include weekly meetings, retreats, and participation in service-related events. Many fraternities and sororities have specific organizations or causes that they partner with for community service initiatives.My sorority at Dartmouth had a partnership with an organization called WISE, which works in the local area to help victims of domestic abuse.Most Greek organizations are serious about academics as well.GPA requirements for membership are common, and many sororities and fraternities take great pride in the academic accomplishments of their members. To join a fraternity or sorority, you will most likely have to go through the â€Å"rush† process, which is a recruitment period where you get to know the members and mutually decide whether your personality is a good match for the character of the group.Usually, fraternities and sororities have their own houses where they host meetings and parties, and many members live in the houses. Your membership in a Greek organization will extend past your time as an undergraduate.You'll be a sister or brother for life once you join! In the next couple of sections, I’ll go over some pros and cons of joining a fraternity or sororityto give you a better idea of what it’s like. One of us. One of us. Academic and Financial Pros and Cons of Greek Life These pros and cons are factors that relate to the explicit policies and structure of sororities and fraternitiesand how they might affect your academic and professional success as well as your college experience overall. Pros Access to Connections With the Alumni Network This is one of the main reasons that many people join sororities and fraternities.Once you join, you will be able to communicate with a large alumni network (especially if you end up being in a national organization) that is usually very enthusiastic about helping fellow members.This can be awesome for your career prospects after college. Great Leadership Opportunities If you join a Greek organization, you might end up becoming a part of the governing body of the sorority or fraternity.Most of these organizations elect presidents, vice presidents, treasurers, social chairpeople, and other representatives.It can be a nice way to get leadership experience in a friendly context. This experience will carry over into the professional world after college. If you were the president of your Greek organization, it's a strong indication that you will perform well in a leadership role at your job. Employers may see it as a sign pointing to your potential within the company and be more likely to hire you. Your potential employers will imagine you as a featureless shape wearing a tie, and they will imagine all the other candidates as featureless shapes that didn't even bother to dress up. Livingin a House Instead of a Dorm Another great thing about being in a sorority or fraternity is that you’ll probably have the opportunity to live in the house as an upperclassman.This can be a really fun experience, especially if you’re close with the other people living in the house.You can hang out or study with people in a more relaxed, comfortable environment than a dorm or the library.You can also get support from friends easily at any time. Cons Damage to Your Academic Record (and Mental Health) If You Become Too Invested At many fraternities and sororities, you’re considered a â€Å"pledge† when your first join, and you’ll have to go through initiation to become a full member.I knew people who joined fraternities at Dartmouth and took fewer classes during their â€Å"pledge term† so that they could handle all the things they had to do for the fraternity. This included lots of beer-fueled meetings and special events that left them tired and hungover. During pledge term, some new members areâ€Å"hazed† or put through degrading rituals as rites of passage, which is a very problematic aspect of fraternity culture (and sorority culture, but less so). I definitely heard about people in fraternities having to eat gross things (or the same thing in the dining hall day after day, which almost seems more sadistic) or chug alcohol until they puked. These rituals are technically optional, but the pressure to do them to earn your place in the group is often very strong. Members will often take pride in the fact that they survived pledge term without quitting.If you end up spending too much time partying or trying to show that you’re the most dedicated pledge, you may lose sight of your academic and personal goals. I'm not saying pledgingwill involve fire-eating, but I'm also not saying it won't. Monetary Costs Members of Greek organizations usually have to pay dues, which go towards the maintenance of the house and funding for social events.An extra financial strain is the last thing that most students are looking for in college.This is part of what contributes to the stereotype of the privileged frat boy or sorority girl. Fees and other costs associated with membership can sometimes reach over $10,000 a year. I want to stress that this isn't the case in everyfraternity andsorority, and it absolutely wasn't my experience.There were people in my sorority who didn’t pay dues because they simply couldn’t afford it, and that was fine. Most of the members paid around $75 a term for social dues and less than $200 a term for house dues (less than $1,000 per year). Because we were a local sorority, we had a lot more control over how much we charged people for dues. National sororities have less flexibility in their policies and may not have the ability to be as lenient in granting financial aid. You can also take your chances and hope that a cashnado tears through your sleepy college town, ripping the roofs off houses and replacing them with solid gold. Social Pros and Cons of Greek Life These pros and cons deal with characteristics of fraternities and sororitiesthat will affect your social life and interactions in college. Pros Meeting Lots of Cool New People and Gaining Upperclassman Mentors When you join a fraternity or sorority, you’ll meet a big group of people who you might not have interacted with otherwise.It can introduce you to all kinds of varying perspectives and lead to amazing friendships.You will also most likely be assigned an upperclassman mentor in your sorority or fraternity, called a Big Sister or Big Brother.This person will introduce you to the organization and be a helpful resource for navigating college in general. Invitationsto Tons of Fun Events and Parties If you’re in a fraternity or sorority, you’ll get lots of invitations to parties and events with other Greek organizations and internally.There will probably be an event going on almost every night of the week, so you’ll have the opportunity to socialize or hang out whenever you want. My sorority had weekly wine and cheese and movie nights, themed meetings, and get-togethers with other fraternities and sororities on the weekends.Sororities and fraternities also have formals, which are fancy parties at the end of the semester where everyone dresses up nicely.It’s kind of like prom but less ridiculously overhyped, less expensive, and more fun. This was pretty much what wine and cheese night was like at my sorority except instead of fancy bread we had Wheat Thins and instead of utensils we had no utensils. ABuilt-In Support System for the Rest of College (and Your Life!) This is one of the best things about being in a fraternity or sorority.You’re surrounded by a group of people who you can always ask for help or encouragement if you need it.Even if you are confused about college policy or need to ask a question about how to declare a major or sign up for a certain class (or whether a certain professor is good or not), you can easily get great advice from people who have been there.When you’re in one of these organizations, you’ll never feel totally alone or isolated.Someone will always be willing to hang out with you and watch a movie or just grab a meal between marathon study sessions to cheer you up. If you have to chop a bunch of onions, metaphorically speaking (or even literally speaking), you'll get lots of support. Cons Rush Is Superficial (and You Could End Up in the Wrong Place) Superficiality is a major criticism of the recruitment process, especially in sororities.Different colleges do rush differently, but commonly it’s a process that happens over a short period of time where you briefly visit each house and have mini-conversations with the members.This doesn’t give anyone a great chance to get to know you, and if you’re not good with small talk, it can be a nightmare. Judgments based on appearances and initial impressions tend to happen.This often leads to disappointment if you’re rejected by a house where you feel you belong or unhappiness if you join a sorority or fraternity that ultimately isn't a good fit on a deeper level. Many Greek organizations hold events before formal rush to give you the opportunity to get to know the members better, but if you’re shy the whole thing is a difficult process. (I say this from personal experience.) Accurate representation of how awkward I felt during rush... Divisiveness and Stereotypes Run Rampant Most sororities or fraternities have certain reputations, and this can cloud judgments about where you should join and what members are like.People will sometimes make assumptions about a student based on which fraternity or sorority he or she is in that are totally inaccurate. This can lead to fears about what people will think about you if you join X sorority or fraternity, which might mean that you end up somewhere you don’t belong to avoid being judged.Some sororities and fraternities have mentalities about only associating with certain other Greek organizations or keeping themselves insular from the general population of the school. These types of boundariesmay stunt your social life even while you are participating in lots of events within the Greek system. Other Problematic Aspects of Greek Culture I mentioned hazing above, which is an issue that affects members internally.There are also problems with the climate the Greek system can create on campus. Particularly with strong fraternity systems, power dynamics are often skewed in favor of the brothers who host parties at their houses.This can lead to situations where other students are victimized and objectified. When Greek life has a strong hold on the social scene, some people get a little wrapped up in their egos about being in a certain house and holding the keys to the best parties (and alcohol).They might try and show off to their friends in the fraternity (or sorority, although it happens less often) by bragging about how much they can drink or how much they’ve slept around.This culture can sometimes turn otherwise decent but insecure people into jerks. Bunch of Drunken, Obnoxious Frat Boys by Clinton Steeds, used under CC 2.0Unfortunately, there is some truth to the stereotypes. Should You Go to a College with Greek Life? Many colleges have fraternities and sororities, and their existence will not necessarily make or break your experience there.Even at campuses with a strong Greek system, other social outlets exist, and there are still students who decide to remain unaffiliated.However, your personality may make you more or less comfortable in a campus environment with Greek life. You Should Consider Going to a College With Greek Life If: You like being around people most of the time, and you need to talk things out with others before you make decisions. You enjoyed being a part of a close-knit group with shared interests in high school, such as a sports team, and you’re looking for a way to find the same type of camaraderie in college. Socializing is an important part of college to you; you know you’re there to learn, but meeting new people is also very high on your priority list. Colleges With Greek Life Might Not Be a Good Fit for You If: You are extremely academically oriented, and the college party culture doesn’t appeal to you. You are a very independent person, and you like to have a lot of alone time to do your own thing. You prefer to have just a couple close friends and are a little overwhelmed by meeting lots of new people. Then again, the characteristics on the second list could describe me, and I ended up joining a (very nerdy) sorority, so don’t discount Greek life completely even if it doesn’t seem like it would appeal to you. You should also check what percentage of students actually join Greek organizations at the schools that interest you. Then you can determine whether you need to factor this into your decision. If only a very small minority of undergraduates go Greek, then you might not have to interact with the system at all. If the majority of students go Greek, then you'll probably be more exposed to Greek life (especially if it's a relatively small school). Remember that every college is different, and so is each sorority andfraternity! Greek life has its overall pluses and minuses, but if you end up joining a house that you really click with, it can be an awesome experience. What's Next? Worried about the costs of sorority and fraternity dues and college in general? Read our practical guide on how to save money for college. For more tips on figuring out the right college for your needs, take a look at my guide to choosing a college and my step-by-step breakdown of the college research process. One of the most major differences you'll see between colleges is the size of their undergraduate enrollments. Find out whether a big or small college is the right choice for you.

The Lovely Bone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Lovely Bone - Essay Example The story is set in Pennsylvania where Susie is returning home through a shortcut. Near the cornfield she finds a shelter made by Mr. Harvey who rapes and kills her. Three days later her elbow bone is found by the detective, Len Fenerman who tells this to her parents. Other evidences are found as Susie continues to watch her murderer from the heaven. After Susie’s father meets Mr. Harvey few days after her death, he begins suspecting him and tells his detective. Susie watches everything from haven including her sister Lindsey who breaks into Mr. Harvey’s house for evidence. Mr. Harvey who now fears he will get caught escapes the town. The case comes to an end as the detective is unable to solve it. Mr. Harvey dies in the end by falling into a crevice. Major changes occur after Susie’s death as her family starts to accept her death. Her parents are extremely sad at their loss and Susie’s father is convinced that Mr. Harvey has killed his daughter. Meanwhile Susie is watching all of this from heaven. Jack Salmon, who wants to find solid evidence against Jack sends Susie’s sister Lindsey to Mr. Harvey’s house upon which she finds evidence. The family starts drifting apart as Susie’s mother, Abigail has an affair with the detective to her murder case. Abigail leaves her family and goes to live in California. Lindsey grows up and starts a relationship with Samuel. Susie’s grandmother also comes to live in with her father. Jack still does not overcome the anxiety caused by Susie’s loss at which Susie’s brother Buckley tells Jack to focus on him too. After Jack gets a heart attack where Abigail comes to meet him and falls in love with him again. Towards the end, the family is reuni ted. Even upon finding no solid evidence against Mr. Harvey initially, Jack is very confident that he is guilty. Jack seems to be too much focused on Susie’s death that it overtakes his life and he can only concentrate on Mr. Harvey which

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Assignment Example This means that when a company makes an agreement, they must honor this agreement even if the terms are beyond the constitution. In this case, the cat contract with Feline Fertility Pty Ltd is enforceable since company willing entered the contract while understanding that the their constitution did not allow them to trade in cats. Lassie Ltd argues that since the company constitution does not allow the company to trade cats, the contract was invalid and unenforceable. However, going by the law, the fact that the company entered the agreement with Feline Fertility Pty Limited, it remains valid even if this goes beyond the constitution. Therefore, Feline Fertility can move to the court to have the contract enforced and to avoid termination. Alternatively, Lessie Ltd should finance any losses that the other company may incur as a result of this termination. The Company act of 2001 states that a director of the company must act within the constitution while conducting business on behalf of the company. Since the director of the company conducts the business on behalf of the stakeholders, the constitution limits their actions.5 However, this must be in tandem with the requirements of the constitution. In this case, Willy Woof has the power to make decisions regarding the business process, as long as these decisions do not infringe the constitution. The company current constitution allows the director to enter the lease with Hot Ltd.6 However, the other company directors intends to include a new clause that requires that â€Å"the establishment of any store outside the state of Western Australia requires the approval of all the directors.† If the amendment is successfully integrated in the constitution, Lessie will not be able to enter into the agreement with Hot Ltd since the constitution will empower other directors to object suc h a move7. Therefore, changes in the constitution will help

Ordinary Men :: essays research papers

Should The Policemen be put on Trial?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I personally believe that the policemen in Reserve Police Battalion 101 should be placed on trial for murder. The first chapter of the book states that Trapp explained the men what they had to do, he offered any of the older men among them to leave the mission if they decided that they did not want to carry out with it. That is what I feel is the main argument here. They were given the option to leave, and those who did not leave, and killed the Jews in Jozefow should be put on trial for murder. They pulled the trigger, and nobody forced them to do it. Yes, you can argue that they were orders, and they did not want to look like cowards in front of their comrades, but what they are dealing with is murder. That should be enough of a reason not to do it. To kill not only one person, but over a thousand people so that you do not look like a coward in front of your comrades is a very pathetic thing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other side of the coin, we have the thought that they should be placed on trial because they committed murder to unarmed civilians, and most of the men did not take up the offer to withdraw from the mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These German soldiers were to take â€Å"The male Jews of working age were to be separated and taken to a work camp. The remaining Jews-the women, children, and elderly-were to be shot on the spot by the Battalion†(Browning 2). The men in this battalion were to round up all of these Jews, lie them down, and shoot each and every one in the back of the neck. That is murder. They did this because the Jews had instigated the American boycott that had damaged Germany. I do not think that killing thousands of them is the best way to resolve this issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many Jews were taken to killing graves, and they began at the last row of the barracks. They would make them undress, and then they would put them into killing graves. Heinrich Bocholt gave a very descriptive account of what he saw. â€Å"Behind each shooter stood several other SD men who constantly kept the magazines of the submachine guns full and handed them to the shooter. I definitely remember that the naked Jews were driven directly into graves and forced to lie down quite precisely on top of those who had been shot before them.

Hill Country Case Solution Essay

Hill County operates in a very competitive market where new potential entrants can be a threat to its operation either through lower price offering or lower production cost. Competition from peer companies has significant effect on its operation, because Hill County is price taker in the market, that is, increase in prices is not one of the choices it can implement. Also, due to the fact that its profitability relies heavily on cost management, an intense competition can worsen the situation of Hill County in the future. Hence, the company needs to be very efficient in order to compete with other low-cost production firms. In addition, cost management may also link to the bargaining power of Hill County over its suppliers, which plays an important role in the manufacturing cost of the firm. Whenever their suppliers have more bargaining power, Hill County would face a potential decline in its profit margin. Macroeconomics conditions also contribute to the business risk of Hill County. During an economic downturn, consumers are less likely to spend money on snacks or attend venues, where they would normally purchase snacks. This would result in declining sales. Hill County does not seem to offer as much diversification in their line of production needed, in order to diversify their exposure to macroeconomic contractions away. The change of consumer behaviour is another business risk faced by Hill County. Recent surveys have shown that, consumers tend to become more aware of Health food. This indicated that they may turn away from less healthy snacks to other choices such as organic food. Selling snacks through school systems also requires the company to alter its products. Therefore, Hill County has to conduct researches and develop alternative choices in response to such preferences and requirements, which leads to an increase of cost. 1.2 How much financial risk would the company face at each of the three alternative debt-to-capital ratios presented in Exhibit 4? The following table compare the potential financial risk faced by the company under each of the debt-to-equity ratio alternative. In general, the higher the leverage ratio is, the higher the risk level will be. Item 20 % Debt to Capital 40% Debt to Capital 60% Debt to Capital The company has the same tax level across each scenario, and thus there is no difference in the relative advantage of An increase in the debt level is leading to higher The highest tax shield advantage in Tax Shield tax shield. However, in absolute terms, an increase in the tax shield benefits absolute terms to the company debt-to-capital ratio will enhance the tax shield benefit The bond rating is AAA/AA, indicating that the default risk is rather low. In terms of financing cost, comparing with the corporate bonds with same rating that pays at rates from 2.5% to 3.2%, the interest rate 2.58% is considerably acceptable. Higher debt levels are leading to higher financial distress costs for the company. However, 20% is still below the industry’s average and appears as a considerable level in order to benefit from advantages that debt provides. The rating of the bond would fall to BBB indicating that the credit risk increases higher debt levels. Although the credit increasing thi s is still in line with the average. According to Exhibit 3 the bond This is rating drops to B. This seems rather due to high and risky and would raise the risk is concern of the management and market especially the equity holders, which are described as risk averse. Too much debt-to-capital ratio can cause severe financial distress cost to the company (details to be discussed in section 3). The 4.52 ICR indicates that the debt level is rather risky, as a significant amount of the cash flow generated by the company would be tightened up by a higher repurchase premium and a higher risk premium. Credit Risk Financial Distress Cost Higher financial distress cost as the company is entitled to debt obligation where debt holders have the ability to file bankruptcy toward the company. An ICR 11.82 is in line with the industry average and much higher than the bonds with the similar rating (4.1). But as the amount of stock being repurchased rises, the premium required would also increase, resulting in more cash outflow. In terms of financial flexibility, a relatively high interest coverage ratio (ICR) of 36.8 supports the company’s ability to Flexibility take on more debt. Especially by comparing the ratio with its peers, such ratio seems to match with its risk aversion philosophy. Agency Cost of Debt Increase in debt-to-capital ratio can cause agency cost of Agency cost of debt will be more problematic This level will involve highest agency debt to be higher. However, at level of 20%, it is still because the managers are not left with freedom cost of debt. considerably low. to operate the company. Agency Cost of Equity Adding more debt into capital structure will reduce agency As more debts are added, agency cost of debt cost of equity as managers are left with less free cash flow Lowest agency cost of equity. would be further reduced. that could have been exploited for perk consumption. Since part of the earnings is paid to meet the debt repayments, dividends paid deceases comparing with actual 2011. But this is counter-balanced by increased earnings per share (EPS) as the shares outstanding is reduced Comparing with 20% leverage, dividend continues to decrease but EPS goes up on the scale of EPS in actual 2011, which is favourable for valuation and is in the interest of shareholders. Dividend Policy Dividend paid and EPS decline at the same time, which would lead to a lower valuation of the firm. 1.3 How much value could Hill County create for its shareholders at each of the three alternative debt levels? In order to answer the question we use the change in return of equity (ROE) as an appropriate measure. For the sake of simplicity we used the book value of equity rather than market values. According to Exhibit 4 and 5, the profit margin, total capital and tax rate remain unchanged over the forecasting period. Judging from the table below, the ROE increases when the leverage ratio rises. This is indicating that the more aggressive the capital structure is, the more the extent to which the value is maximized. However, we should take into account the benefit and risk involved when deciding which capital structure is optimal. Alternative 20 % Debt to Capital By implementing 20% of debt into the capital structure the company is able to increase the ROE by over 30% to 16.31%. 40% Debt to Capital An increase to 40% debt to capital is leading to an increase of over 60% in the ROE t o 20.52%, which is a positive indicator of increased shareholder value. 60% Debt to Capital ROE In the third alternative the ROE can be more than doubled to a ROE of 27.64%. 2. What debt-to-capital structure would you recommend as optimal for Hill County? What are the advantages of adding debt to the capital structure? How would issuing debt impact the company’s taxes and expected costs of financial distress? How would the financial markets react if the company increased its financial leverage? In order to determine the optimal capital structure for Hill County Snack, we examined the debt-to-equity ratios for A-rated companies within the food and beverages industry. Based on figure 15.13 in Financial Theory and Corporate Policy by Copeland, we see that the median is 65% debt-to-equity, which in debt-to-capital term equals 40%. We can also see from the figure that none of the firms within the industry operates with zero debt-level, and this gives us an indication that the firm is likely to gain firm value by introducing debt to its capital structure, mainly due to the tax shield of debt. Referring to Modigliani-Miller proposition I (MM I) with taxe s, we know that the value of levered firm is equal to value of unlevered firm plus Figur 15.13 tax shield of debt. Also, according to Tread-off Theory, the firm will increase its value by adding debt up to the level where the marginal cost of financial distress is equal to the marginal gain from the tax shield. We used the ICR to evaluate the likelihood of financial distress when the firm introduces debt to the company. The financial market is likely to have a positive reaction if the company increased its financial leverage, since it will increase firm value and ROE, making the company more attractive to investors and other stakeholders. To what extent the stock price will appreciate depends on the market expectations of how the firm will cope with its debt obligations. From Exhibit 4 we see that the firm can easily adopt the 20 % debt-to-capital ratio, having a very high ICR of 36.90 which implies very low probability of financial distress as well as it will be in shareholders’ interest since it increases ROE from 12.5% to 16.31% without adding much risk and reduces f ree cash flow and agency cost of equity. Having a closer look on the next scenario where the company is tested with a 40% debt-tocapital ratio, we can see that ROE increases from 12.5% to 20.5%. With this capital structure, the firm operates with the same level as the industry median of its competitors. Implied by Pecking Order Theory, since this is the median, it might indicate that this is somehow the optimal debt structure for this type of industry. The firm will still be very liquid with a relative low probability of financial distress based on the high ICR of 11.82. Finally, we have to consider the 60% debt-to-capital ratio, which results in an ICR of 4.52. This ratio is, just above the median for BBB rated companies by Standard & Poor’s (Exhibit 3). Although the ROE increases form 12.5% to 26.2%, it introduces a significant amount of risk to the company and the firm would be much more sensitive to macroeconomic conditions and fluctuations in revenue. Based on the three alternatives, we believe that the optimal debt-tocapital structure is around 40%. This is because the company will have a significant benefit from the tax shield of debt and it will cause a large increase in ROE for the shareholders such that they are able to compensat for the increase in risk, reduc agency cost of equity and still be very liquid to fulfil their debt obligation, by having a very high ICR of 11.82, which is  even above the median for A-rated companies. The reason we chose this alternative instead of 20% is because we believe that the company can increase its firm value even more with this alternative, without adding a significant amount of risk. Also, if the company were to introduce 60% debt-to-capital, we think this is a too aggressive approach for the company that is new to debt in its capital structure. 3. How could Hill County implement a more aggressive capital structure? What methods could be used to increase debt and decrease equity? A more aggressive capital structure would in general mean that the company is increasing the leverage ratio by either increasing the debt or reducing the equity or both. The main two reasons why companies look to reduce the share capital and make capital distributions to shareholders (i.e. return cash surplus to shareholders in excess of the immediate requirements of the company) are: a) enhancing shareholders’ value though an improved ROE; and b)to achieve a more efficient capital structure. The following are possible approaches that Hill County can undertake to adopt a more aggressive capital structure. 1) Implement Debt Financing Debt financing refers to any borrowed money which Hill County would have to pay back to the lending institution. It can come in the form of a loan, line of credit, bond, etc. We would highly recommend Hill County to seek capital by issuing bonds rather than having bank loans. In our view, Hill County can benefit more from bonds issued than from a bank loan. The interest rate and other terms of bank loans are set by the bank, whereas when issuing bond, it can actively set the interest rate and schedule the payments based on the current market conditions. Even though it would be its first issue of bonds, we see the risk involved and cost incurred rather minor, due to the relative strong financial reports of the company, assuming the market is efficient. Although most companies, including Hill County, can borrow from banks, they view direct borrowing from a bank as more restrictive and expensive than selling debt to the open market. In order to maintain the degree of flexibility that is offered by all equity financing, the CEO would try to avoid any restrictions that come with debt financing. Most bank loans come with multiple conditions, or covenants, that the borrower must follow for the life of the loan. Bank loan covenants protect the bank (and in effect  bank loan fund investors) but impose restrictions on the borrower. As the advantages outweigh the disadvantages we recommend Hill County to seek for bond financing rather than a bank loan. 2) Reduction of Equity Alongside the debt financing via bonds, we suggest that Hill County should reduce their share capital.. A reduction of equity is used to increase distributable reserves to make dividend payments possible, or to make a large return of capital more efficient. There are a number of possible mechanisms, including: A share buyback, where Hill County buys its own shares back in the market. These shares are usually then cancelled. Companies do sometimes retain bought-back shares as treasury shares in order to be able to re-sell them, or allocate them to fulfil share options or to otherwise avoid issuing new shares. In the case of Hill County, we would advise them to cancel the shares as we are seeking for a possibility to reduce the equity share capital. Another alternative for County Hill is the conversion of share capital and nondistributable reserves into debt capital. This approach has been used by large UK listed companies, and is basically the conversion of share capital into debt. Existing shares are cancelled and replaced with new shares (fewer, or with a lower par value) and bonds, the latter typically redeemable at the option of the holder. This allows shareholders to take the return of capital as a capital gain, and time it to their advantage. One easy solution would be the conversion of non-distributable reserves into distributable reserves, which is followe d by the payment of a special dividend. This, however, would mean that many shareholders would be unable to avoid paying income tax on the special dividend. 3) Hybrid Securities In addition to financing either by debt or by equity, such hybrid securities as convertible bonds can both alter the capital structure and provide the management with flexibility. Within a certain time period or when the share price is low, the convertible bonds would contribute to the total debt amount, which requires fixed and rather low periodic payment. Hence, the leverage ratio would rise. However, as time goes by or when Hill County’s stock price appreciates, these bond holders may convert the bond and thereby such amount would switch into equity. 4) Off Balance Sheet Financing (OBF) Apart from general debt financing we would also consider the implementation of off balance sheet financing. As the  leverage ratio goes up and increase the riskiness of the company, the CEO and share holders may concern such would weaken the strength of balance sheet and periodic performance. But certain OBF methods like leasing and factoring can enhance the cash flow of the firm and substantially build up the leverage without adding to the amount of the debt. 4. Considering Hill County’s corporate culture, what arguments could you use to persuade CEO Keener or his successor to adopt and implement your recommendation? Considering the management focus of Hill County is to maximize shareholders’ wealth, raising the leverage ratio of the firm can help the management to achieve such goal. First of all, using the issued debt to repurchase stock can not only push up the stock price but also bring shareholders tax benefit, which supports equity holders in managing their wealth more efficiently. Also, in line with our previous discussion, introducing debt into the firm’s capital facilitates managers to take up slightly more risky but also more profitable investment opportunities. This is because leverage can reduce the risk that is bore by equity, instead of missing out potentially profitable projects so as to maintain sufficient cash flow. Regarding the company’s strong commitment to efficiency and cost control, issuing debt can provide the company with considerable tax shield as interest payment is tax-deductible. Thus, reducing tax payments can lower expenses and retain more economic benefit within the company. Another advantage is that leverage can lower the weighted average cost of capital since the cost of debt is usually lower than the cost of equity, which contributes to its cost control policy. In such way, Hill County can more efficiently (lower cost of capital) and sufficiently (higher level of retained earnings) finance its daily operations and other investment projects. A third aspect of the Hill County’s corporate culture is caution and risk aversion, meaning that the managers always prefer financial safety and flexibility. Introducing debt into the capital structure of the company can stabilize the cash outflow as the company can schedule whichever principle and interest payment that is suit able to the operating and financing requirements and thereby enable the management to control risk exposure. Also, Hill County can issue debt with embedded options such as callable bonds, enabling the firm to buying back the bonds at a certain  price when debt-financing is unfavourable. Lastly, if the management is still concerned about rising debt levels would lead to weaker financial reports, other capital sources such as off-balance sheet financing can change the capital structure without much dynamic and unfavourable change of the crucial financial ratios, say, debt-to-equity ratio and interest coverage ratio, which have a strong impact onto the evaluation of Hill County’s risk level.